A basic requirement for the monitoring of climate extremes is the availability of (and access to) high resolution observation data from meteorological stations. Availability of high resolution observation data is also required for delivering climate change information services in support of ...

Closing the surface energy budget (SEB) is one of the longest outstanding problems in micro-meteorology. At the earth’s surface the net radiation (QN), consisting of the budget of shortwave incoming (K↓), shortwave outgoing (K↑), longwave incoming (L↓) and longwave outgoing radiation (L↑), should be ...

In recent years, it has become clear that the dynamic response of the Earth's global climate system is strongly affected by the interactions between its various subsystems(1). As a result, attention has shifted to the development of Earth System Models (ESMs) that go beyond the more 'traditional' ...

The Netherlands is a small and flat country, and climatological differences are therefore small. Mean annual rainfall ranges from about 700 to 900 mm, see Figure 1. The small area in the extreme south-east corner of the Netherlands where mean annual rainfall slightly exceeds 900 mm coincides with ...

Meteorological measurements are essential in meteorology and climatology and are core task of KNMI. The R&D Information and Observation Technology Division (I-RD) works continually on improvements of KNMI’s observation infrastructure.