(KNMI) (OZON) (PvV)
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute
Section of Atmospheric Composition
(----------)

The Chemistry Transport Model TM



Index: TM description Versions Applications Documentation KNMI applications KNMI users KNMI publications References Links
(O)
What is TM?


TM (previously named CTMK) is a three-dimensional chemical tranport model coupled off-line to ECMWF meteorological fields. Here ``off-line'' means that we calculate the mass fluxes and various meteorological parametrizations from meteorological fields from the ECMWF weather forecast model in a pre-processing stage and store them for later use in TM. Once the pre-processing has been finished, the TM model can be run many times with the same pre-processed input data, without the need for extensive meteorological calculations. Because the meteorology of TM is calculated off-line, the model is quite economic in the use of CPU time and can be run over extended periods of many years.
TM presently contains parametrizations of convective and turbulent transport:
(O)
Convection is parameterized following Tiedtke (Mon.Wea.Rev. 117, p. 1779, 1989).
(O)
Vertical diffusion (mainly important in the boundary layer) is parameterized following Louis (Bound.Lay.Meteorol. 17, p.187, 1979) or Holtslag and Boville (..).
Large scale advection of tracers is performed by using the slopes scheme of Russell and Lerner (J.Appl.Meteorol. 20, p.1483, 1981) or the second order moments scheme of Prather (J.Geophys.Res. 91, p.6671, 1986).

TM is jointly developed by KNMI, the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), and the Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the EU Joint Research Centre EI-JRC in Ispra.
(O)
What are the differences between different versions TM? (TM3, TM4, TM5)


Until recently we have been using version 3 of TM, TM3. TM5 is a new version which includes the possibility to zoom into certain regions (nested grids) and which has completely been recoded. It also has a different grid. TM4 is more or less the as TM5, but without the zooming option and has therefore more simple and easier to optimise code. It is more suitable for global data assimilation purposes and changes in parallellisation. The main difference between TM3 and TM4 is that the meteorological parameters and parameterisations have been improved. For instance interpolations have been improved and reduced.
(O)
What can one do with TM?


TM can be used to calculate the temporal evolution of the three-dimensional distribution of various kinds of tracers, for example radioactive tracers (e.g. radon, lead, beryllium), air, ozone, nitrogen oxides, methane, nitrous oxide (N2O), aerosols, etc.
In order to simulate tropospheric ozone a module describing hydrocarbon/nitrogen oxide chemistry has been implemented. This has, amongst others, been used to study the impact of aircraft emissions upon the atmosphere.
Various types of aerosols have also been included: (ammonium-)sulfate, nitrate, organic and black carbon, sea salt, desert dust.
Also a stratospheric chemistry scheme has been implemented that allows model simulations of the ozone layer and ozone holes in the nortern and southern hemispheres.
The model is thus used to study changes in greenhouse gases and aerosols (IPCC process), changes in air quality, acidification, eutropication, and UV radation.
A simplified version of TM can be included in more comprehensive Integrated Assessment Models. In the past this has been done in an assessment model for impact and reduction options of aviation emissions (AERO).
(O)
Suggested use of the ProTex convention
(O)
Where can you find more information about TM?


Preprocessing meteorology:
(O)
The meteorological pre-processing package TMPP made by Arjo Segers based on software developed by Peter van Velthoven.
(O)
ECMWF retrieval status by Peter van Velthoven.
 
Preprocessing emissions
(O)
The package that prepares emissions for input to TM at the required resolution. Draft documentation (in preparation)
Tracer model versions:
(O)
Postscript TM2 manual written by Martin Heimann
(O)
The TM3 home page at IMAU
(O)
The TM4 home page at KNMI (not yet available)
(O)
The TM5 home page at IMAU and TM5 manual at KNMI
(O)
Password protected TM5 developers documentation at IMAU and EI-JRC.
Chemistry:
(O)
Postscript manual of the old methane chemistry module included in CTMK and written by Ralf Hein
Emissions:
(O)
EDGAR emission database
Chemical data assimilation:
(O)
TM model system for data assimilation of total ozone: TM3-DAM
Visualisation:
(O)
Hiphop visualisation software in IDL
CVS:
(O)
CODEX manual
Coupling to PRISM:
(O)
Manual by Michael Sigmond, copy of /home/kelder/SIGMOND/PRISMbase/DOC_MS/basic_prism_manual.txt on teras
(O)
What do we do with TM?

(O)
Assess the impact of aircraft emissions upon the atmosphere.
(O)
Data assimilation of total ozone
(O)
Data assimilation of ozone profiles: SASCIA.
(O)
Simulation of the composition ot the atmosphere from 1957-present: RETRO.
(O)
Who contribute to TM-development at KNMI?


(O)
Peter van Velthoven: coordination, retrieval of meteorological data and pre-processing.
(O)
Michiel van Weele: photolysis, standard code TM3, chemical forecasts
(O)
Arjo Segers: pre-processing of meteorological data, assimilation of ozone profiles
(O)
Henk Eskes: assimilation of ozone, nitrogen oxides etc.
(O)
Ernst Meijer: simulation of tropospheric chemistry including aircraft emissions, lightning parametrisation
(O)
Bram Bregman: simulation of stratospheric and UTLS chemistry, interactions between chemistry and clouds
(O)
Bas Henzing: aerosol modelling and assimilation
(O)
Ge Verver: aerosol assimilation, simulations for Surinam
(O)
Miranda van den Broek: stratospheric chemistry
(O)
Jan Fokke Meirink: inverse modelling
(O)
Pieter Valks: tropical tropospheric ozone columns
(O)
Twan van Noije: chemical re-analysis, aanpassingen voor ERA40, standaard code TM4
(O)
Frans ALkemade: koppeling met ECHAM in het kader van PRISM
(O)
Dirk Olivié: transport of tracers by convection and diffusion
(O)
Gijs van Soest: chemical data assimilation
(O)
(O)
(O)
Our publications with TM (needs to be completed)

(O)
Velders et al.: The simulation of the transport of aircraft emissions by a three-dimensional global model. Ann. Geophys. 12, 385-393 (1994). (abstract)
(O)
Van Velthoven, P.F.J., and H. Kelder: Estimates of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange: Sensitivity to Model Formulation and Horizontal Resolution. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1429-1434 (1996). (abstract)
(O)
Van Velthoven, P.F.J., R. Sausen, C.E. Johnson, H. Kelder, I. Köhler, A. Kraus, R. Ramaroson, A. Strand, W.M.F. Wauben: The passive transport of NOx emissions from aircraft studied with a hierarchy of models. Atmos. Environm. 31, 1783-1799 (1997). (abstract)
(O)
Wauben, W.M.F., P.F.J. van Velthoven and H. Kelder: A 3D chemistry transport model study of changes in atmospheric ozone due to aircraft emissions. Atmos.Environm. 31, 1819-1836 (1997). (abstract)
(O)
Wauben, W.M.F., R. Bintanja, P.F.J. van Velthoven, and H. Kelder: On the magnitude of transport out of the Antarctic polar vortex. J.Geophys.Res. 102, 1229-1238 (1997). (abstract)
(O)
Meijer, E.W., P.F.J. van Velthoven, W.M.F. Wauben, J.P. Beck, and G.J.M. Velders: The Effect of the Conversion of Nitrogen Oxides in Aircraft Exhaust Plumes in global Models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 3013-3016 (1997). (abstract)
(O)
Wauben, W.M.F, J.P.F. Fortuin, P.F.J. van Velthoven and H. Kelder: Validation of modelled ozone distributions with sonde and satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3511-3530 (1998). (abstract).
(O)
Wauben, W.M.F, J.P.F. Fortuin, and H.M. Kelder: Sensitivity of radiative forcing due to changes in the global distribution of ozone with application to ozone changes from aviation. Proc. of the XVIII Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, L'Aquila, Italy, 12-21 September 1996, eds. R. Bojkov and G. Visconti, 827-830 (1998).
(O)
Jeuken, A.B.M., H.J. Eskes, P.F.J. van Velthoven, and E.V. Holm: Assimilation of total ozone satellite measurements in a three-dimensional tracer transport model. J.Geophys.Res. 104, 5551-5563 (1999). (abstract)
(O)
Dentener, J., J. Feichter and A. Jeuken: Simulation of the transport of Rn222 using on-line and off-line global models at different horizontal resolutions: a detailed comparison with measurements. Tellus 51B, 573-602 (1999).
(O)
Meijer, E.W., P.F.J. van Velthoven, A.M. Thompson, L. Pfister, H. Schlager, P. Schulte and H. Kelder: Model calculations of the impact of NOx from air traffic, lightning, and surface emissions, compared with measurements. J.Geophys.Res. 105, 3833-3850 (2000). (abstract)
(O)
Bregman, B., J. Lelieveld, M. vd Broek, P. C. Siegmund, H. Fischer and O. Bujok: The N2O and O3 relationship in the lowermost stratosphere: a diagnostic for mixing processes as represented by a three-dimensional chemistry-transport model. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,279-17,290 (2000).
(O)
Barrie, L.A., Y. Yi, W.R. Leaitch, U. Lohmann, P. Kasibhatla, G.-J. Roelofs, J. Wilson, F. McGovern, C. Benkovitz, M.A. Melieres, K. Law, J. Prospero, M. Kritz, D. Bergmann, C. Bridgeman, M. Chin, J. Christensen, R. Easter, J. Feichter, C. Land, A. Jeuken, E. Kjellstrom, D. Koch and P. Rasch: A comparison of large scale atmospheric sulphate aerosol models (COSAM): overview and highlights. Tellus B, 53, 615-645 (2001).
(O)
Lohmann, U., W. R. Leaitch, L. Barrie, K. Law, Y. Yi, D. Bergmann, C. Bridgeman, M. Chin, J. Christensen, R. Easter, J. Feichter, A. Jeuken, E. Kjellstrom, D. Koch, C. Land, P. Rasch and G.-J. Roelofs: Vertical distributions of sulfur species simulated by large scale atmospheric models in COSAM: comparison with observations. Tellus B, 53, 646-672 (2001).
(O)
Roelofs, G.-J., P. Kasibhatla, L. Barrie, D. Bergmann, C. Bridgeman, M. Chin, J. Christensen, R. Easter, J. Feichter, A. Jeuken, E. Kjellstrom, D. Koch, C. Land, U. Lohmann and P. Rasch: Analysis of regional budgets of sulfur species modeled for the COSAM exercise. Tellus B, 53, 673-694 (2001).
(O)
Jeuken A., J.P. Veefkind, F. Dentener, S. Metzger, and C. Robles Gonzalez: Simulation of the aerosol optical depth over Europe for August 1997 and a comparison with observations. J. of Geophys. Res., 106, 28,295-28,311 (2001).
(O)
Meijer, E.W., P.F.J. van Velthoven, D.W. Brunner, H. Huntrieser and H.M. Kelder: Improvement and evaluation for the parametrisation of nitrogen oxide production by lightning. Phys. Chem of the Earth,, 26/8, 557-583 (2001).
(O)
Bregman, B. Pi-H. Wang and J. Lelieveld: Chemical ozone loss in the tropopause region on subvisible ice clouds, calculated with a chemistry-transport model. J. Geophys. Res., 107, Ach 501 - Ach 5-12 (2002).
(O)
Rogers, H., H. Teyssedre, G. Pitari, V. Grewe, P. van Velthoven, and J. Sundet: Model Intercomparison of the Transport of Aircraft-like Emissions from Sub- and Supersonic Aircraft. Meteorol. Z. 11, 151-159 (2002).
(O)
Eskes, H.J., P.F.J. van Velthoven, and H.M. Kelder: Global ozone forecasting based on ERS-2 GOME observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2 271-278 (2002).
(O)
Joeckel, P., C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, M.G. Lawrence, A.B.M. Jeuken, and P.F.J. van Velthoven: Evaluation of stratosphere-troposphere exchange and the hydroxyl radical distribution in 3-dimensional global atmospheric models using observations of cosmogenic 14CO. J.Geophys.Res., 107, D20, 446, DOI:10.1029/2001JD001324 (2002).
(O)
El Serafy, G., R. van der A, H. Eskes and H. Kelder: Assimilation of 3D ozone field in global chemistry-transport models using Kalman filter. Adv. Space Res., 30, 2473 - 2478 (2002).
(O)
Joeckel, P., C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, M.G. Lawrence, A.B.M. Jeuken and P.F.J. van Velthoven: Evaluation of stratosphere-troposphere exchange and the hydroxyl radical distribution in 3-dimensional global atmospheric models using observations of cosmogenic 14CO. J. Geophys. Res., 107, D20, 446, 10.1029/2001JD001324 (2002).
(O)
Pitari, G., E. Manchini and A. Bregman: Climate forcing of subsonic aviation: Indirect role of sulphate particles via heterogeneous chemistry. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi:10.1029/2002GL015705 (2002).
(O)
Dentener, F., M. van Weele, M. Krol, S. Houweling, and P. van Velthoven: Trends and inter-annual variability of methane emissions derived from 1979-1993 global CTM simulations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. ., 3, 73-88 (2003).
(O)
Brunner, D., J. Staehelin, H. L. Rogers, M. O. Köhler, J. A. Pyle, D. Hauglustaine, L. Jourdain, T. K. Berntsen, M. Gauss, I. S. A. Isaksen. E. Meijer, P. van Velthoven, G. Pitari, E. Mancini, V. Grewe, and R. Sausen: An evaluation of the performance of chemistry transport models by comparison with research aircraft observations. Part 1: Concepts and overall model performance. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 3, 2499-2545 (2003).
(O)
Bregman, B., A. Segers, M. Krol, E. Meijer and P. van Velthoven: On the use of mass-conserving wind fields in chemistry-transport models. Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 3, 447-457 (2003).
(O)
Eskes, H.J., P.F.J. van Velthoven, P.J.M. Valks, and H.M. Kelder: Assimilation of GOME total-ozone satellite observations in a three-dimensional tracer-transport model. Q.J.R.Meteorol.Soc., 129, 1663-1681 (2003).
(O)
Meloen, J., P. Siegmund, P. van Velthoven, H. Kelder, M. Sprenger, H. Wernli, A. Kentarchos, G. Roelofs, J. Feichter, C. Land, C. Forster, P. James, A. Stohl, W. Collins, and P. Cristofanelli: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: a model and method intercomparison. J.Geophys.Res., 108, D12, 10.1029/2002JD002274 (2003).
(O)
Valks, P.J.M., R.B.A. Koelemeijer, M. van Weele, P. van Velthoven, J.P.F. Fortuin and H. Kelder: Variability in tropical tropospheric ozone: Analysis with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment observations and a global model. J.Geophys.Res. 108, D11, 10.1029/2002JD002894 (2003).
(O)
Dentener, F., W. Peters, M. Krol, M. van Weele, P. Bergamaschi and J. Lelieveld: Interannual variability and trend of CH4 lifetime as a measure for OH changes in the 1979-1993 time period. J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002916 (2003).
(O)
Gauss, M., G. Myhre, G. Pitari, M.J. Prather, I.S.A. Isaksen, T.K. Berntsen, G.P. Brasseur, F.J. Dentener, R.G. Derwent, D.A. Hauglustaine, L.W. Horowitz, D.J.Jacob, M. Johnson, K.S. Law, L.J. Mickley, J.-F. Müller, P.-H. Plantevin, J.A. Pyle, H.L. Rogers. D.S. Stevenson, J.K.Sundet, M. van Weele, O. Wild: Radiative forcing in the 21th century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002624 (2003).
(O)
Prather, M., M. Gauss, T. Berntsen, I.Isaksen, J.Sundet, I. Bey, G. Brasseur, F. Dentener, R. Derwent, D. Stevenson, L. Grenfell, D. Hauglustaine, L. Horowitz, D. Jacob, L. Mickley, M. Lawrence, R. van Kuhlmann, J-F. Müller, G. Pitari, H. Rogers, M. van Weele, and O. Wild: Fresh air in the 21th century? Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, doi:10.1029/2002GL01685 (2003).
(O)
 

(O)
Other publicatons relevant to TM:
(O)
TM2: Heimann, M.: The global atmospheric tracer model TM2. Technical report no. 10, Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum (DKRZ), Hamburg, Germany (1995).
(O)
Ozone climatology: Fortuin. J.P.F. and H. Kelder: An ozone climatology based on ozonesonde and satellite measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,709-31,734 (1998). [abstract, paper]
(O)
Parametrisation of convection: Tiedtke, M.A.: A comprehensive mass-flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Weath. Rev., 117, 1779-1800 (1989).
(O)
Old parametrisation of vertical diffusion: Louis, J.F.: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. , Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 17, 187-202 (1979).
(O)
New parametrisation of vertical diffusion: Holtslag, A.A.M., and B. Boville: Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model. J. Climate, 6, 1825-1842 (1993).
(O)
Large scale advection of tracers with the slopes scheme: Russell, G.L., and J.A. Lerner: A new finite-differencing scheme for tracer transport equation. J. Appl. Meteor. 20, 1483-1498 (1981).
(O)
Large scale advection of tracers with the second-order moments scheme: Prather, M.J.: Numerical advection by conservation of second order moments. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6671-6681 (1986).
(O)
Dry deposition: Ganzeveld, L.N., J. Lelieveld, and G.J. Roelofs: A dry deposition parameterization for sulfur oxides in a chemistry and general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5679-5694 (1998).
(O)
Wet deposition: Guelle, W, Y. Balkanski, M. Schulz, F. Dulac, and P. Monfray: Wet deposition in a global size-dependent aerosol transport model: 1. Comparison of a 1 year 210Pb simulation with ground measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D10), 11429-11446 (1998).
(O)
Effects of clouds, total ozone and surface albedo on photolysis rates: Krol, M. and M. van Weele: Implication of variation of photodissociation rates for global atmospheric chemistry. Atmos. Environm., 31, 1257-1273 (1997).
(O)
CBM-IV like non-methane hydrocarbons chemical scheme: Houweling, S., F. Dentener, and J. Lelieveld: The impact of non-methane hydrocarbon compounds on tropospheric photochemistry. J. Geophys..Res., 103, 10673-10696 (1998).
(O)
Ammonium, DMS, sulfate chemistry: Dentener, F., and P.J. Crutzen: A global 3D model of the ammonia cycle. J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 331-369 (1994).
(O)
Methane loss rate in the stratosphere: Bruhl, C., and P.J. Crutzen: MPIC two dimensional model, NASA Ref. Publ., 1292, 103-104 (1993). [M&M report, 3 parts, see NASA TRS]
(O)
Eulerian backward iterative (EBI) method for solving the differential equations in the chemistry scheme:: Hertel, O., R. Berkowicz, J. Christensen, O. Hov: Test of two numerical schemes for use in atmospheric transport-chemistry schemes. Atmos.Environm. A27,2591-2611 (1993).
(O)
EDGAR/HYDE emission evolution: Van Aardenne, J.A., F.J. Dentener, J.G.J. Olivier, C.G.M. Klein Goldewijk, and J. Lelieveld: A 1° x 1° resolution data set of historical anthropogenic trace gas emissions for the period 1890 - 1990. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl., 15, 4, 909-928, (2001).
(O)
ECMWF 15 year re-analysis: Gibson, J. K., P. Kallberg, S. Uppala, A. Hernandez, A. Nomura, and E. Serrano: ECMWF Re-Analysis Project Report Series. 1. ERA Description, 72 pp., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (1997). [ERA 15 reports]
(O)
ECMWF 40 year re-analysis: [ERA 40 reports]
(O)
x
(O)
Links

(O)
Hiphop visualisation software in IDL
(O)


Index: TM description Versions Applications Documentation KNMI applications KNMI users KNMI publications References Links
KNMI
KNMI
OZON
AS
PvV
Velthoven

Copyright © KNMI --- Last modified: Wednesday, 13-Oct-2004 07:58:09 UTC
Please mail any comments or questions to: velthoveATknmi.nl